© 2003 - 2008 KILGORE MEMORIAL LIBRARY

This page lists J.A. Parks Music Company book titles, and books containing music composed by J.A. Parks.
The list was built based on Kilgore Memorial Library’s holdings of J.A. Parks materials, the music collections of York churches and museums, and items borrowed from other libraries.  J.A. Parks materials at the York County Historical Association are brief-listed here.   Some listings are derived from photocopies of covers and contents pages of books supplied by the Polley Music Library at Lincoln City Libraries, other collections, or catalog entries in the OCLC  WorldCat   database.   A few titles are only known from the listings appearing on the back pages and back covers of the music books we’ve seen. Each “clickable” book title opens a table of contents.

The earliest piece in Kilgore Memorial Library’s J.A. Parks Music Books collection bears 1896 publication and copyright dates.   As noted below, Lorenz & Co. “Christmas Cantatas” from the mid-1890s have music by J.A. Parks.   Only a few of the J.A. Parks Music Company books we’ve seen have a publication date on the title page.   The publication dates for the rest of the books have to be inferred from the most recent copyright date on the pieces included.

The greatest detail about the individual songs is shown in the J.A. Parks (Songs) listings.   The opening J.A. Parks (Songs) page has links to several sections comprising an alphabetical listing of song titles sorted by first key word and a numeric listing of J. A. Parks Music Company “octavo” sheet music.

Some groupings of successive Octavo music numbers appear to match the contents of books in this listing.   For example, the contents of Singable Songs for Young People (1917) appear to correspond to music “octavos” numbered 839 - 858.   Other books were compiled from music published over a span of several years. Identical arrangements of some songs appear in two or more books.  

(December, 2006): Links to OCLC’s WorldCat catalog records are provided for the books that are included in that database. WorldCat records include the names of libraries that hold the item.   We’ve also begun to revise and extend the contents listings for each of the books, adding attributions and corresponding music “octavo” numbers to the contents.

We’d appreciate hearing from anyone having information about other J.A. Parks music books not included in this list, or who has copies of the ones we have not seen.   Our e-mail address is co51537@alltel.net , our telephone number is (402) 363-2620.

BOOK TITLES ; etc.		WorldCat ##s
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	American National Songs (©1898) cover price 25¢  —   reprinted as the first 32 pgs. of “American National Songs (No. 1)”	#77066163
	American National Songs No. 1 (Male Voices)   cover price 50¢  —   individual songs are copyrighted 1898 through 1908 — from copy at Anna Bemis Palmer Museum, York, NE.	#42900481
♥	A Basket of Chestnuts   (8vo No. 48, ©1899)   is not a song book per se, but is listed here to provide an alternate link to the list of pieces comprising the medley.
BOY’s ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Boy’s Chorus Book   (1924)	#77087561
	Boys’ Three-Part Choruses : for the school, the home and the concert platform (T.T.B.)   (1937) [July 26, 2007 — 30 of the songs from this collection were published with the cover title Three-Part Choruses for Male Voices.]	#43442531
	Boys’s Two-Part Choruses : for the school, the home and the concert platform   ©1931	(York, 104 pgs) #21131045 (Chicago, 96 pgs) #51811966
CHAUTAUQUA ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
	Chautauqua Choruses Sacred Edition.   Copy in music collection at Baptist - Congregational Church, York, Nebraska. Most of the music is from other publishers.
	Chautauqua Choruses Secular Edition.   From incomplete copy at York County Historical Association, formerly in music collection at Baptist - Congregational Church, York, Nebraska.
	Commencement Quartets   for Male, Female and Mixed Voices  [Based on copy at York County Historical Association]
	Community Choruses   Book One: Compiled for the Nebraska State Choral Association   (Based on copy at York County Historical Association)
	Community Choruses   Compiled for the York County Festival Chorus   (Based on copy at York County Historical Association)
CONCERT ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
	Parks’ Concert Duets   For Male, Female and Mixed Voices.   (Based on copy at York County Historical Association)	#159957288
CONCERT QUARTETS ~FEMALE
♥	Parks’ Concert Quartets : a Choice Collection of Quartets, Trios and Duets for Female Voices.  (ca. 1898) (Later printings have cover title “Park’s Concert Quartets Number 1 : For Female Voices” , with identical contents.)	#19802683 #42236204
	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 2 for Female Voices  ©1902 [From copy at York County Historical Association]	#55496467
	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 3 for Female Voices   (1907)  (Thanks to the Music Library, University of Pittsburgh, for supplying a photocopy of this piece.)	#48616444
	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 4 (Female Voices)  (ca. 1912)  Based on a copy at York County Historical Association.
CONCERT QUARTETS ~ MALE
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 1 (Male Voices) also published ca. 1896 with cover title” Parks’ Concert Quartets: a choice collection of part songs, quartets, etc. for male voices	#2170222 #42233679 #63916225, #174111729
♥	Parks’ Concert Quartets Number 2   for Male Voices .  (1899)	#77499538
♥	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 3 (Male Voices)   (©1901)	#77076441
♥	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 4 (Male Voices)   (ca. 1904)	#77076490
♥	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 5 (Male Voices)   (ca. 1907)	#77076518
♥	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 6 (Male Voices)   (ca. 1909)	#21288944
♥	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 7 For Male Voices , Copyright 1928.	#77499493
	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 8 (Male Voices)
CONCERT QUARTETS ~ MIXED
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Parks’ Concert Quartets : A choice collection of Part Songs, Quartets, etc., etc. for Mixed Voices   © 1897 [ Also issued with cover title “Concert Quartets Number 1 for Mixed Voices.”   Based on a copy in the collection at the Polley Music Library, Lincoln City Libraries, this collection may also have been printed with a cover title   Quartets and Encores .	#2771368, #84481098
	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 2 (Mixed Voices)   (ca. 1902) (Based on a copy at York County Historical Association.)
	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 3 (Mixed Voices)   (ca. 1908)  (Based on a copy at York County Historical Association.)
	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 4 (Mixed Voices)  (ca. 1913)   (Based on a copy at York County Historical Association.)
	Parks’ Concert Quartets No. 5 (Mixed Voices)
CONCERT TRIOS ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Parks’ Concert Trios, or, Three-Part Choruses for Male Voices. (1926); Based on the publication dates, this collection may be the same as “Parks’ Secular Three-part Choruses for Male Voices” noted below.	#27516431
	Parks’ Concert Trios   For Mixed Voices. Based on the publication dates, this collection may be the same as “Parks’ Secular Three-part Choruses for Male Voices” noted below. There are a few S.A.B. titles in the “octavos” list that would fit.
♥	Cotton-Field Melodies   (8vo No. 470, ©1909)   is not a song book per se, but is listed here to provide an alternate link to the list of pieces comprising the medley.
DECORATION DAY ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Decoration Day Quartets   for Male Voices   (ca. 1912)   [Alternate cover title: Decoration Day Quartets: Men’s Voices.   From copies at York County Historical Association. ]	#20586014
♥	Parks’ Decoration Day Quartets   for Mixed Voices   (ca. 1909)	#20674865
	Parks’ Democratic Campaign Songs   for Male Voices. ( 1900) The texts refer to William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan. Information based on copy in the Norwegian-American Historical Association collection at St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota.	#38525878
Note: See also REPUBLICAN Campaign Songs
F ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Fifty Favorite Hymns For Female Voices (© 1943)	#70221435
♥	Fifty Negro Spirituals   in Four-Part Arrangement for Male Voices (© 1930)	#4238628
	Four Lyrics   [an album of Concert Songs for Women’s Voices with piano accompaniment] set to music by J.A. PARKS.  (ca. 1905)   [ From copy at York County Historical Association.]
GIRL’s ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
	Girls’ Chorus Book   (S.A., S.S.A)
♥	Girls’ Three-Part Choruses   (S.S.A.) (Chicago, ca. 1946)	#277047705
♥	Girls’ Two-Part Choruses   for Soprano and Alto Voices   (ca. 1929)	#50552082
HIGH SCHOOL ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Parks’   High School Songs   for Female Voices (S.A., S.S.A., S.S.A.A.)   (©1916)	#180620600
	Parks’   High School Songs   for Male Voices (T.T.B.B.)   (ca. 1915)	#2170203
	Parks’  High School Songs   for Mixed Voices (S.A.T.B.)   (ca. 1915)	#2170211
HUMOROUS QUARTETS ~ FEMALE
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 1   For Female Voices   (ca. 1905)	#15580305
	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 2   For Female Voices   (1912)	#60746956
	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 3   For Female Voices   (1925)	#60746988, #83829628
HUMOROUS QUARTETS ~ MALE
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 1   for Male Voices   (©1901)	#22927300, #78261544
	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 2   for Male Voices   (ca. 1910)  [From copy at York County Historical Association]
	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 3   for Male Voices   (ca. 1916)  [From copy at York County Historical Association]	#11204139 #13848658
♥	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 4   for Male Voices   (ca. 1924)	#35228493
HUMOROUS QUARTETS ~ MIXED
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 1   for Mixed Voices   (1905)	#77147956
	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 2   for Mixed Voices   (ca. 1914)  [From copy at York County Historical Association.]	#20437234
	Humorous Quartets and Encores Number 3   for Mixed Voices
IMPERIAL ANTHEMS ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Parks’ Imperial Anthems   A Choice Collection of Choruses, Quartets, Responses, etc. for The Choir   ©1896  [Based on early hardcover printing in music collection of First Evangelical Lutheran Church, York, Nebraska, and later soft cover printing held by Kilgore Memorial Library. The library’s copy has a back cover ad announcing the forthcoming publication of “Commencement Quartets.”]	#7080301
♥	Parks’ Imperial Anthems No. 2   for The Choir   © 1900   [Cover and title page variations noted from another copy in music collection at Baptist - Congregational Church, York, Nebraska]	#2170192
	Parks’ Imperial Anthems Number 3   for The Choir   (ca. 1906)  [From copy at York County Historical Association.]	#18111253
	Parks’ Imperial Anthems Number 4   for The Choir   (ca. 1909) [Based on copy in music collection of First Evangelical Lutheran Church, York, Nebraska.]	#10131338
	Parks’ Imperial Anthems Number 5   for The Choir
♥	Parks’ Imperial Anthems   for Mixed Voices No. 6   (1929)	#40535269
♥	International Rotary Songs   arranged by J.A. Parks.   (Preface dated Nov. 1920) [ York “gossip” had several tales about this “unauthorized” Rotary song book; the archives at Rotary International headquarters have nothing to confirm or refute the rumors. ]	#10562913
	The Judge (The orginal manuscript is held by the Anna Bemis Palmer Museum in York. Kilgore Memorial Library has a photocopy. Parks’ students performed this two-act light opera at least once. The manuscript includes an orchestral overture, and alternate and additional songs not included in the final score. One of the songs was later published by Parks. Some of the orchestral parts were arranged by Rollin W. Bond. )
MEMORIAL ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
	Memorial Quartets (Male)   [ A “forthcoming” announcement for this title proclaims it will be ready Dec. 1st, 1900.   This title may actually be: ]
	Parks’ Memorial Songs , Male Voices   (1901?)  [From copy at York County Historical Association.]	#11543507 #2170179 #78654380
♥	Parks’ Old Home Songs   for Male Voices (ca. 1913) [Several of the songs in this volume appear in other earlier “male voice” Parks books. Some of them appear to have been reset into more compact form for this publication and have 1913 copyrights but are musically identical to earlier iterations. ]	#21513219 #2170170
♥	One Hundred Favorite Hymns   for Male Voices   (©1915);   [The same collection was issued with a title page giving Chicago as the place of publication and a 1943 copyright.   The book is 5 ¼” x 7¾” rather than the 6¾” x 10 ½” of the other “Imperial Edition” publications. ]	(York, NE, 1915) #2170230 #32621124 (Chicago, 1943) #11336799
PROGRAM QUARTETS ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
	Parks’ Program Quartets Number 1   for Male Voices; arranged by J.A. Parks   (ca. 1912)  [From copy at York County Historical Association.]	#16727930
♥	Parks’ Program Quartets Number 2   for Male Voices   (ca. 1915)	#2170158
♥	Parks’ Program Quartets Number 3   for Male Voices (ca. 1919)	#77076569
♥	Parks’ Program Quartets Number 4   for Male Voices (ca. 1922)	#77076589
♥	Parks’ Prohibition Quartets   No. 1 for Male Voices (©1905)	#77497466
	Quartets and Encores   Information about this volume based on incomplete copy held by the Polley Music Library, Lincoln City Libraries.  The contents appear to be the same as Concert Quartets for Mixed Voices.
REPUBLICAN ~~
	REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN SONGS — We infer from WorldCat catalog records that a new version was produced for at least four successive presidential elections.   The songs mostly used well-known tunes and the lyrics were modified to suit each campaign’s issues and personalities.   The 1896 & 1900 editions mention McKinley.   Democratic Campaign Songs for 1900 also use these common tunes with modified lyrics.
	Republican Campaign Songs … for male voices. (1896)   (30 pgs.)	#8515277
	Republican Campaign Songs … for male voices. (1900)   (35 pgs.)	#38525752
♥	Republican Campaign Songs … for male voices. (Announcement on inside of cover dated June 1, 1904)   (34 pgs.)	#77076601
	Parks’ Republican Campaign Songs … for male voices. (1908)   (36 pgs.)	#48749221
	Parks’ Republican Campaign Songs … for male voices. (date unknown, but 1908 seems likely — information supplied by Polley Music Library, Lincoln City Libraries )   (36 pgs.)
SACRED ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Parks’ Sacred Duets   For Male, Female and Mixed Voices.   (ca. 1914)	#2170147
SACRED QUARTETS ~ FEMALE
	Parks’ Sacred Quartets No. 1 - 4 For Female Voices (4 vols c.1899-1918)   [Originally cataloged as a set by a college library in Virginia — the following listings are catalog records for the individual volumes.]	#42230819
♥	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 1   A Choice Collection of Quartets, Trios, Duets and Sacred Songs for Female Voices.   (©1899)   [Based on copy in music collection, York Baptist - Congregational Church.], later printings have simplified title page — Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 1. For Female Voices	#77183499
	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 2   For Female Voices.   (ca. 1903) [April 26, 2005 — Listed on the basis of a catalog entry in WorldCat; 8vo. number equivalents arrived at by process of elimination.]	#21417820
	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 2   For Female Voices.   (ca. 1931?) [Feb. 2, 2005 — Listed on the basis of WorldCat catalog entry; this may be a revision of the earlier compilation, or not. Without seeing the books or having a detailed list of contents there is no way to tell for sure.]	#20740891
♥	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 3   For Female Voices.   (ca. 1911)	#77076616
	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 4   For Female Voices.   (ca. 1918) (based on copy in music collection at York Baptist-Congregational Church)
SACRED QUARTETS ~ MALE
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number One   A Choice Collection of Quartets, Duets, and Sacred Songs — Male Voices.   (c. 1897)	#13742286 #26323563, #21743167
♥	Also found with Lorenz & Co., Dayton, Ohio imprint: Parks’ Sacred Quartets   A Choice Collection of Quartets, Duets and Sacred Songs For Male Voices. ©1896 ( Individual songs have 1897 copyrights.)	#123378501
♥	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 2   For Male Voices. (1901)	#60686018, #77090224
♥	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 3   For Male Voices. (1907)	#77091522
♥	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 4   For Male Voices. (1911)	#77092658
	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 5   For Male Voices.
SACRED QUARTETS ~ MIXED
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 1   For Mixed Voices   (©1897)  Early printings have engraved title page reading “Parks’ Sacred Quartets: A Choice Collection of Quartets, Duets and Sacred Songs for Mixed Voices.”	#77241363
	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 2   For Mixed Voices   (c. 1903) (Listing based on copy in music collection of York Baptist-Congregational Church).	#28692366
♥	Parks’ Sacred Quartets Number 3   For Mixed Voices. (1910)	#77094450
SACRED THREE-PART ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Parks’ Sacred Three-Part Choruses   For Women’s Voices. (1923)   “Number 1” on cover.	#77095826
	Parks’ Sacred Three-Part Choruses   For Male Voices. (T.T.B.)   (ca. 1928)   [Based on copy in the music collection of the York Baptist - Congregational Church .]
♥	Parks’ Sacred Three-Part Choruses   and Trios For Mixed Voices. (S.A.B.)   (© 1927) [Feb. 2, 2005 — This collection has 42 songs; see also “36 Sacred Three-Part Choruses for Mixed Voices” below.]	#77242251
	Parks’ Sacred Trios   For Male, Female and Mixed Voices. (ca. 1916)   [Based on copy in music collection of the First Evangelical Lutheran Church, York, Nebraska.]	#46930896
	Parks’ Sacred Two-Part Choruses   For Women’s Voices. No.1
♥	Parks’ Sacred Two-Part Choruses: Number 2   Women’s Voices.   By Gerald Grey, Marion Moore and J.A. Parks.   ©1932	#77243482
SECULAR ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
	Parks’ Secular Three-part Choruses   for Women’s Voices (S.S.A.)   (ca. 1921?)   Thanks to the Polley Music Library, Lincoln City Libraries, for supplying information about the contents of this volume.
	Parks’ Secular Three-part Choruses   (T.T.B.) [ This may be the “Parks” Concert Trios for Male Voices noted above, issued with a different cover title. ]
	Parks’ Secular Three-Part Choruses   (S.A.B.) [ This may be the “Parks” Concert Trios for Mixed Voices noted above, issued with a different cover title. ]
♥	Parks’ Secular Two-Part Choruses   For Women’s Voices. (S.A.) (ca. 1920)   [From copy at York County Historical Association.]	#85383209
	Select Anthems Volume One for Mixed Voices   © 1939   [Based on copies in music collections of the York Baptist-Congregational Church, and First Evangelical Lutheran Church.]	#79217012
♥	Singable Songs For Young People   ©1917	#21242947
SIX ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
	Six Brass Quartets Harmonized by J.A. Parks.
	Six Encore Songs   Edition DeLuxe (medium voice)  (ca. 1927) [From copy at York County Historical Association ]	#42608744
	Six Friendly Songs: For Community Singing.  [Listed on front cover of 8vo. no. 1742 as an un-numbered “Octavo.”]
	Songs of Salvation ; For Gospel Services, Sabbath Schools, and Young People’s Meetings by E.O. Hobson. (Intro. dated May 1st, 1903) [Based on copy in music collection of the First Evangelical Lutheran Church, York, Nebraska. Parks had minimal compositional or editorial input — his primary involvement was as publisher. Parks later incorporated some of the material from this book into his books and sheet music.]
♥	Parks’ Songs of The South ; Number 1 ¦   For Male Voices   (ca. 1908)	#18492847 #17996420
	Parks’ Standard Choruses No. 1 (Sacred)   [Inclusion based on listing on back of octavos of “Hymn To Nebraska.” (©1920) — it may be one of the Sacred Choruses collections noted above.]
T ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
	36 Sacred Three-Part Choruses   for Mixed Voices. (1927) [Based on WorldCat catalog entry — it shows a Chicago imprint and may be a “condensation” of Sacred Three-Part Choruses for Mixed Voices.   ©1927, which has forty-two songs.]	#16711650
	Three-Part Choruses for Male Voices: a collection of thirty choral favorites   (ca. 1937) [ July 26, 2007 —The cover gives Chicago as the place of publication; the table of contents appears on the inside of the front cover. The contents of pages 3 - 96 match those of “Boys’ Three-Part Choruses”. The final song in this collection (on pgs. 97-98) is also the final song in the earlier book. Three songs from the earlier collection are not included. ]	#51811971
TWELVE ~~
= personally examined by Kilgore Memorial Library staff. “♥” = held by Kilgore Memorial Library.
♥	Twelve Christmas Carols   (8vo No. 1011, ©1925)   is not a song book per se, but is listed here to provide an alternate link to the list of pieces included. The individual titles are incorporated in the Songs listings.
♥	Twelve Famous Irish Songs in Three-part Arrangement for Women’s Voices.   Harmonized by Marion Moore.   ©1930	#9202444
	Twelve Famous Scottish Songs in Three-part Arrangement for Women’s Voices  (ca. 1930). The copyright notice on Octavo No. 1420 reads “Copyright 1930 in Twelve Famous Scottish Songs”
	Twelve Songs   Harmonized for Mixed Voices by J.A. Parks   (ca. 1907)   [Based on copy at Anna Bemis Palmer Museum, York, Nebraska.]
	Twenty-Five Encore Songs   (Medium Voice)   [May also appear as Twenty-Five Encore Solos — based on listing on back of “Hymn To Nebraska.” (©1920), and Sept. 26, 1906 York Republican article about Mr. Parks that mentions a new collection of twenty-five encore solos. Until a copy is located, some idea of the contents can be gained by noting the “solo voice” titles in the early octavo music numbers.]
♥	Under the Stars and Stripes   (8vo No. 413, ©1907)   is not a song book per se, but is listed here to provide an alternate link to the list of pieces comprising the medley.
♥	York Chautauqua Choruses   (1910)   [The physical layout of the volume, with 61 numbered pages followed by five additional numbered selections without page numbers, suggests a last-minute expansion of the contents.]	#77073678

For those interested in the evolution of this page, a summer 2006 version resides on the “wayback machine.”

J.A. Parks Compositions (Other Publishers / Distributors).